Most land-dwelling invertebrates and all of the amphibians

Most land-dwelling invertebrates and all of the amphibians 

A) are ectothermic organisms with variable body temperatures.
B) alter their metabolic rates to maintain a constant body temperature of 37°C.
C) have a net loss of heat across a moist body surface, even in direct sun.
D) are endotherms but become thermoconformers only when they are in water.
E) become more active when environmental temperatures drop below 15°C.






Answer: A

An example of an organism that has only behavioral controls over its body temperature is the

An example of an organism that has only behavioral controls over its body temperature is the 

A) green frog.
B) penguin.
C) bluefin tuna.
D) house sparrow.
E) gray wolf.





Answer: A

The panting responses that are observed in overheated birds and mammals dissipates excess heat by

The panting responses that are observed in overheated birds and mammals dissipates excess heat by 

A) countercurrent exchange.
B) acclimation.
C) vasoconstriction.
D) hibernation.
E) evaporation.





Answer: E

Endothermy

Endothermy 

A) is a characteristic of most animals found in tropical zones.
B) is a characteristic of animals that have a fairly constant body temperature.
C) is a term equivalent to cold-blooded.
D) is a characteristic of mammals but not of birds.
E) is seen only in insects and in certain predatory fishes.





Answer: B

An overheated and sick dog in a hot environment will have an impaired thermoregulatory response when its

An overheated and sick dog in a hot environment will have an impaired thermoregulatory response when its 

A) evaporative heat loss increases.
B) metabolic heat production decreases.
C) body temperature increases to match the environmental temperature.
D) blood vessels near its skin increase vasoconstriction.
E) behavioral response takes it to a cooler location.






Answer: C

An example of an ectothermic organism that has few or no behavioral options when it comes to its ability to adjust its body temperature is a

An example of an ectothermic organism that has few or no behavioral options when it comes to its ability to adjust its body temperature is a 

A) terrestrial lizard.
B) sea star, a marine invertebrate.
C) bluefin tuna, a predatory fish.
D) hummingbird.
E) honeybee in a hive.






Answer: B

Humans can lose, but cannot gain, heat through the process of

Humans can lose, but cannot gain, heat through the process of 

A) conduction.
B) convection.
C) radiation.
D) evaporation.
E) metabolism.






Answer: D

In a survivably cold environment, an ectotherm is more likely to survive an extended period of food deprivation than would an equally sized endotherm because the ectotherm

In a survivably cold environment, an ectotherm is more likely to survive an extended period of food deprivation than would an equally sized endotherm because the ectotherm 

A) maintains a higher basal metabolic rate.
B) expends more energy per kg of body mass than does the endotherm.
C) invests little energy in temperature regulation.
D) metabolizes its stored energy more readily than can the endotherm.
E) has greater insulation on its body surface.







Answer: C

To prepare flight muscles for use on a cool morning, hawkmouth moths

To prepare flight muscles for use on a cool morning, hawkmouth moths 

A) relax the muscles completely until after they launch themselves into the air.
B) decrease their standard metabolic rate.
C) rapidly contract and relax these muscles to generate metabolic warmth.
D) walk to shaded areas to avoid direct sunlight.
E) reduce the metabolic rate of the muscles to rest them before flight.





Answer: C

Positive feedback differs from negative feedback in that

Positive feedback differs from negative feedback in that

A) positive feedback benefits the organism, whereas negative feedback is detrimental.
B) the positive feedback's effector responses are in the same direction as the initiating stimulus rather than opposite to it.
C) the effector's response increases some parameter (such as body temperature), whereas in negative feedback it can only decrease the parameter.
D) positive feedback systems have only effectors, whereas negative feedback systems have only receptors.
E) positive feedback systems have control centers that are lacking in negative feedback systems.






Answer: B

Positive feedback has occurred when

Positive feedback has occurred when 

A) an increase in blood sugar increases the secretion of a hormone that stimulates the movement of sugar out of the blood.
B) a decrease in blood sugar increases the secretion of a hormone that increases the conversion of glycogen to glucose.
C) uterine contractions needed for the birthing process are expedited by the pressure of a moving baby in its mother's uterus.
D) an increase in calcium concentration increases the secretion of a hormone that promotes the storage of calcium in bone.
E) a decrease in blood calcium increases the amount of the hormone that causes the release of calcium from bone.








Answer: C

An example of effectors' roles in homeostatic responses is observable when

An example of effectors' roles in homeostatic responses is observable when 

A) an increase in body temperature results from involuntary shivering.
B) an increase in body temperature results from exercise.
C) the rising sun causes an increase in body temperature in a stationary animal.
D) an increase in body temperature results from fever.
E) a decrease in body temperature results from shock.







Answer: A

An example of a properly functioning homeostatic control system is seen when

An example of a properly functioning homeostatic control system is seen when 

A) the core body temperature of a runner rises gradually from 37°C to 45°C.
B) the kidneys excrete salt into the urine when dietary salt levels rise.
C) a blood cell shrinks when placed in a solution of salt and water.
D) the blood pressure increases in response to an increase in blood volume.
E) the level of glucose in the blood is abnormally high whether or not a meal has been eaten.








Answer: B

The body's automatic tendency to maintain a constant and optimal internal environment is termed

The body's automatic tendency to maintain a constant and optimal internal environment is termed

A) balanced equilibrium.
B) physiological chance.
C) homeostasis.
D) static equilibrium.
E) estivation.






Answer: C

The cells lining the air sacs in the lungs make up a

The cells lining the air sacs in the lungs make up a 

A) cuboidal epithelium.
B) simple squamous epithelium.
C) stratified squamous epithelium.
D) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
E) simple columnar epithelium.







Answer: B

Food moves along the digestive tract as the result of contractions by

Food moves along the digestive tract as the result of contractions by 

A) cardiac muscle.
B) smooth muscle.
C) voluntary muscle.
D) striated muscle.
E) skeletal muscle.







Answer: B

The type of muscle tissue surrounding internal organs, other than the heart, is

The type of muscle tissue surrounding internal organs, other than the heart, is 

A) skeletal muscle.
B) cardiac muscle.
C) striated muscle.
D) intercalated cells.
E) smooth muscle.







Answer: E

Cardiac muscle cells are both

Cardiac muscle cells are both 

A) striated and interconnected by intercalated disks.
B) striated and operate independently of other cardiac cells.
C) smooth and under voluntary control.
D) striated and under voluntary control.
E) smooth and under involuntary control.






Answer: A

All skeletal muscle fibers are both

All skeletal muscle fibers are both 

A) smooth and under involuntary control.
B) smooth and operate independently of other skeletal muscle fibers.
C) striated and under voluntary control.
D) smooth and under voluntary control.
E) striated and electrically coupled to neighboring fibers.







Answer: C

All types of muscle tissue have

All types of muscle tissue have 

A) intercalated disks that allow cells to communicate.
B) striated banding patterns seen under the microscope.
C) cells that lengthen when appropriately stimulated.
D) a response that can be consciously controlled.
E) interactions between actin and myosin.








Answer: E

In a typical nerve cell, the nucleus is found in the

In a typical nerve cell, the nucleus is found in the 

A) cell body.
B) synaptic terminals.
C) axonal region.
D) dendritic region.
E) synapse.







Answer: A

A matrix of connective tissue is apparent in

A matrix of connective tissue is apparent in 

A) chondroitin sulfate of cartilage.
B) actin and myosin of muscle.
C) the axon of a neuron.
D) nervous tissues.
E) spindle-shaped smooth muscle cells.






Answer: A

With its abundance of collagenous fibers, cartilage is an example of

With its abundance of collagenous fibers, cartilage is an example of 

A) connective tissue.
B) reproductive tissue.
C) nervous tissue.
D) epithelial tissue.
E) adipose tissue.







Answer: A

Most types of communication between cells utilize

Most types of communication between cells utilize 

A) the exchange of cytosol between the cells.
B) a direct electrical connection between the cells.
C) the release of chemical signals by the cell sending the message.
D) the exchange of DNA between the cells.
E) the movement of the cells.






Answer: C

Muscles are joined to bones by

Muscles are joined to bones by 

A) ligaments.
B) tendons.
C) loose connective tissue.
D) Haversian systems.
E) spindle fibers.






Answer: B

Blood is best classified as connective tissue because

Blood is best classified as connective tissue because 

A) its cells are separated from each other by an extracellular matrix.
B) it contains more than one type of cell.
C) it is contained in vessels that "connect" different parts of an organism's body.
D) its cells can move from place to place.
E) it is found within all the organs of the body.








Answer: A

Breathing is accomplished via the rhythmic contraction and relaxation of

Breathing is accomplished via the rhythmic contraction and relaxation of 

A) smooth muscle.
B) skeletal muscle.
C) cardiac muscle.
D) smooth muscle and cardiac muscle.
E) smooth muscle and skeletal muscle.




Answer: B

Fibroblasts secrete

Fibroblasts secrete 

A) fats.
B) chondroitin sulfate.
C) interstitial fluids.
D) calcium phosphate for bone.
E) proteins for connective fibers.






Answer: E

The nourishment, insulation, and support for neurons is the result of activity by the

The nourishment, insulation, and support for neurons is the result of activity by the 

A) smooth muscles.
B) adipose tissue.
C) endocrine system.
D) intercalated disks.
E) glial cells.







Answer: E

If you gently twist your earlobe, it does not remain distorted because it contains

If you gently twist your earlobe, it does not remain distorted because it contains 

A) collagenous fibers.
B) elastin fibers.
C) reticular fibers.
D) adipose tissue.
E) loose connective tissue.





Answer: B

The fibers responsible for the elastic resistance properties of tendons are

The fibers responsible for the elastic resistance properties of tendons are 

A) elastin fibers.
B) fibrin fibers.
C) collagenous fibers.
D) reticular fibers.
E) spindle fibers.






Answer: C

Connective tissues typically have

Connective tissues typically have 

A) many densely packed cells with direct connections between the membranes of adjacent cells.
B) a supporting material such as chondroitin sulfate.
C) the ability to shorten upon stimulation.
D) relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix.
E) the ability to transmit electrochemical impulses.





Answer: D

Coordinating body functions via chemical signals is accomplished by

Coordinating body functions via chemical signals is accomplished by 

A) the respiratory system.
B) the endocrine system.
C) the immune and lymphatic systems.
D) the integumentary system.
E) the excretory system.







Answer: B

Stratified cuboidal epithelium is composed of

Stratified cuboidal epithelium is composed of 

A) several layers of boxlike cells.
B) a hierarchical arrangement of flat cells.
C) a tight layer of square cells attached to a basement membrane.
D) an irregularly arranged layer of pillarlike cells.
E) a layer of ciliated, mucus-secreting cells.



Answer: A

An example of a connective tissue is the

An example of a connective tissue is the 

A) skin.
B) nerves.
C) blood.
D) cuboidal epithelium.
E) smooth muscles.







Answer: C

Most of the exchange surfaces of multicellular animals are lined with

Most of the exchange surfaces of multicellular animals are lined with 

A) connective tissue.
B) smooth muscle cells.
C) neural tissue.
D) epithelial tissue.
E) adipose tissue.






Answer: D

The absorptive epithelia in the gut are considered "polarized" because

The absorptive epithelia in the gut are considered "polarized" because 

A) thick and thin filaments are present.
B) they pump wastes into the lumen while pumping nutrients toward the blood.
C) the colors seen on the top and bottom of the cells are different.
D) they must fire action potentials to absorb most nutrients.
E) the structures on the apical surface are different than those on the basal surface.





Answer: E

Of the following choices, the epithelium with the shortest diffusion distance is

Of the following choices, the epithelium with the shortest diffusion distance is 

A) simple squamous epithelium.
B) simple cuboidal epithelium.
C) simple columnar epithelium.
D) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
E) stratified squamous epithelium.





Answer: A

An exchange surface in direct contact with the external environment is found in the

An exchange surface in direct contact with the external environment is found in the 

A) lungs.
B) skeletal muscles.
C) liver.
D) heart.
E) brain.




Answer: A

Tissues are composed of cells, and tissues functioning together make up

Tissues are composed of cells, and tissues functioning together make up 

A) organs.
B) membranes.
C) organ systems.
D) organelles.
E) organisms.





Answer: A

Multicellular organisms must keep their cells awash in an "internal pond" because

Multicellular organisms must keep their cells awash in an "internal pond" because 

A) their membranes will crystallize if not in contact with interstitial fluid.
B) an aqueous medium is needed for the cellular exchange of nutrients, gases, and wastes.
C) this prevents the loss of water due to osmosis.
D) their cells need to be protected from dissolved nitrogen gas in the blood.
E) terrestrial organisms have not adapted to life in dry environments.





Answer: B

Interstitial fluid is

Interstitial fluid is 

A) the fluid inside the gastrovascular cavity of Hydra.
B) the internal environment inside animal cells.
C) identical to the composition of blood.
D) the route for the exchange of materials between blood and body cells.
E) found only in the lumen of the small intestine.





Answer: D

The specialized function shared by the cells that line the lungs and those that line the lumen of the gut is that both types of cells

The specialized function shared by the cells that line the lungs and those that line the lumen of the gut is that both types of cells 

A) receive their oxygen directly from inhaled air and ingested foods.
B) provide abundant exchange surface.
C) have exceptionally high numbers of cellular organelles in the cytoplasm.
D) offer greater protection due to increased membrane thickness.
E) have a lowered basal metabolic rate due to cooperative exchange between cells.






Answer: B

To increase the effectiveness of exchange surfaces lining the lungs and the intestines, evolutionary pressures have

To increase the effectiveness of exchange surfaces lining the lungs and the intestines, evolutionary pressures have 

A) increased the exchange surface area with folds and branches.
B) increased the thickness of the membranes in these linings.
C) increased the number of cell layers in these linings.
D) decreased the metabolic rate of the cells in these linings.
E) increased the volume of the cells in these linings.





Answer: A

As body size increases in animals,

As body size increases in animals, 

A) there is a decrease in the surface-to-volume ratio.
B) reproduction becomes limited to terrestrial environments.
C) there is greater variability in metabolic rate.
D) migration to tropical areas becomes necessary for thermoregulation.
E) it becomes more difficult to conserve body warmth in cold environments.




Answer: A

All animals, whether large or small, have

All animals, whether large or small, have 

A) an external body surface that is dry.
B) a basic body plan that resembles a two-layered sac.
C) a body surface covered with hair to keep them warm.
D) the ability to enter dormancy when resources become scarce.
E) each living cell in contact with an aqueous medium.






Answer: E

The specialized structures of complex animals have evolved because

The specialized structures of complex animals have evolved because

A) the environment imposes identical problems regardless of where the animals are found.
B) the development of the specialized structures in an animal is influenced by the animal's ability to learn.
C) the simplest animals are those with the most recent appearance among the biota.
D) they permit adjustments to a wide range of environmental changes.
E) the most complex animals are the ones with the most ancient evolutionary origin.







Answer: D

The similar fusiform body shape of diverse animals, such as sharks, penguins, and aquatic mammals, has evolved because

The similar fusiform body shape of diverse animals, such as sharks, penguins, and aquatic mammals, has evolved because 

A) natural selection typically has no limits when different organisms face the same challenge.
B) respiration through gills is enhanced by having a fusiform shape.
C) this is the body shape that makes it possible for aquatic animals to swim rapidly.
D) the fusiform shape is coded by the same genes in all three types of aquatic animals.
E) all three types evolved from the same ancestral form, which flew in air rather than swam in water.






Answer: C

Evolutionary adaptations that help diverse animals directly exchange matter between cells and the environment include

Evolutionary adaptations that help diverse animals directly exchange matter between cells and the environment include 

A) a gastrovascular activity, a two-layered body, and a torpedo-like body shape.
B) an external respiratory surface, a small body size, and a two-cell-layered body.
C) a large body volume; a long, tubular body; and a set of wings.
D) complex internal structures, a small body size, and a large surface area.
E) an unbranched internal surface, a small body size, and thick covering.






Answer: B

Penguins, seals, and tuna have body forms that permit rapid swimming, because

Penguins, seals, and tuna have body forms that permit rapid swimming, because 

A) all share a common ancestor at some point in the past.
B) all of their bodies have been compressed since birth by intensive underwater pressures.
C) flying, pregnancy, and gill-breathing all require similar adaptations in form.
D) the shape is a convergent evolutionary solution to the need to reduce drag while swimming.
E) this is the only shape that will allow them to maintain a constant body temperature in water.




Answer: D

Which choice best describes a reasonable mechanism for animal structures becoming better suited over evolutionary time to specific functions?

Which choice best describes a reasonable mechanism for animal structures becoming better suited over evolutionary time to specific functions? 

A) Animals that eat the most food become the most abundant.
B) Animals that restrict their food intake will become less abundant.
C) Animals with mutations that give rise to effective structures will become more abundant.
D) Animals with inventions that curtail reproduction will become more abundant.
E) Animals with parents that continually improve their offspring's structures will become more abundant.





Answer: C